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http://www.abcd-vets.org/guidelines/fel ... apter1_6_1"Shelters
Random source populations with largely unknown vaccination histories, continuous resident turnover, and high risk for infectious disease characterize most shelters. Vaccine costs become a significant management aspect when multiplied by thousands of doses. Therefore, only those antigens that demonstrate a clear benefit against common and significant shelter diseases should be utilized.
FPV has re-emerged as a significant cause of mortality in cats in shelters and rescue homes throughout Europe and the United States. With rare exceptions, all kittens and cats over 4 to 6 weeks of age should be vaccinated regardless of physical condition, pregnancy, or housing status. Kittens should be vaccinated beginning at 4 weeks of age in the face of an outbreak, and at 6 weeks of age otherwise. MLV vaccines are advantageous for their faster onset of action, greater efficacy at overcoming maternal antibody, and greater likelihood of conferring sufficient immunity. (Greene and Addie, 2005; Greene and Schulz, 2005). Although concerns have been raised regarding their reversion to virulence, this has never been documented (Greene and Schulz, 2005). Cats of unknown status should not be housed together.
Vaccination should be repeated every 3 to 4 weeks in kittens, until 16 weeks of age. If adult cats are ill or otherwise compromised at the time of initial vaccination, another injection when the cat is in good health (at least two weeks after the initial vaccine) should be considered.
When vaccination is being used to control disease in the face of an outbreak, the more rapid induction of immunity induced by a MLV preparations is of clinical advantage over killed vaccines.
[b:2dgkupqp]Passive immunisation can be used in shelters when available. It is useful at admission if other diseases are present or in an environment with high infection pressure, as it provides immediate protection. Efficacy of immunoglobulins to prevent infection, including FPV, has been proven in experimental studies and in the field some 50 years ago. Efficacy of immunoglobulins depends on many factors, including the antibody titre against the specific agent and volume administered, the relative importance of serum antibodies in controlling the particular infection involved, and the timing of administration of the antibodies compared to exposure.[/b:2dgkupqp]
Commercial products containing highly concentrated immunoglobulins (multivalent hyperimmune immunoglobulin preparations) are available in some European countries for cats (heterologous preparation produced in horses, containing a combination of antibodies against FPV, FHV-1, and FCV). They are marketed for prophylactic (usually 1 injection of 1 vial/animal subcutaneously) and therapeutic (usually 3 injections of 1 vial/animal subcutaneously every 24 hours) use. Protection lasts for about 3 weeks. During this period, active immunization (vaccination) is not recommended because the immunoglobulins will bind to the vaccinal antigens, tying them up in immune complexes. Although large amounts of foreign protein are administered, allergic reaction are rare if a cat is treated for the first time, and treatment is usually not associated with side effects. Repeated treatment (with an interval of more than 1 week), however, is not recommended because cats can display anaphylactic reactions to the product produced in horses (Hartmann and Hein, 2002).
Besides commercial products, customised (hyper)immune serum may be administered. Immune serum is derived from healthy individuals or from groups of animals that have recovered from a specific disease, whereas hyperimmune serum comes from animals that had been repeatedly vaccinated against specified infectious agents. If such sera are used, their antibody content and consequently the duration of protection are unknown. Like all exogenous proteins, administered antibodies are quickly eliminated from the body.
Feline immune sera can be prepared in veterinary practice, but blood donors must be carefully screened for insidious infections (e.g. FIV, FeLV, Bartonella infection). Ideally, the blood type of donor and recipient should match; if cross-matching cannot be performed, only type A cats should be used as donors. The minimum amount required for protection is unknown, but the dose recommended for cats is 2 to 4 ml serum per kilogram body weight. Careful attention must be paid to sterility during collection, storage and administration. Jugular vein puncture is preferred, and the area over the jugular vein should be shaved and prepared for aseptic venipuncture. Blood should be collected (at least twice the amount of required serum) into sterile tubes without additives. Serum can be stored at -20° C in single dose aliquots as IgG is a very stable molecule and can be kept for up to a year if frozen promptly after collection (Levy and Crawford, 2000). Usually, sera are given subcutaneously; intraperitoneal injection is more feasible in kittens. If for an instant effect intravenous administration is required, plasma (instead of serum) should be used (Greene and Schultz, 2005). "
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