zalatany pisze:Arka, godzina w tą czy w tamtą nic tu nie zmieni.
Tak sadzisz, no to ja wyczytalam co innego:
Modern surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy-less is more.
Barie PS.
Division of Critical Care and Trauma, Department of Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY.
Recent findings and recommendations on the use of antibiotics in surgery, both prophylactically and as therapy, suggest that adverse events associated with antibiotics remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Wound infection rates generally parallel the presence of one or more of three key risk factors; the overall medical condition of the patient, a prolonged operative time, and a contaminated or dirty operative field. The first choice of prophylactic drug should generally be a first- or second-generation cephalosporin, unless the patient is highly allergic to penicillin. Effective prophylaxis can almost always be achieved with a single dose of antibiotic,
but the dose must be administered soon before the incision. New guidelines for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis have reduced both the types of cases that require prophylaxis, and the doses of antibiotic necessary to achieve prophylaxis. Some cases that required endocarditis prophylaxis previously no longer require prophylaxis. Rational antibiotic therapy demands rapid diagnosis and treatment. It is also crucial to distinguish among infection, contamination, and inflammation as soon as possible; contamination requires only a single dose of antibiotic, whereas sterile inflammation requires none at all. The choice of antibiotic for postoperative infection, including intra-abdominal infection, should consider the severity of illness and the risk of resistant bacteria. Failure to stratify for risk may prolong treatment unnecessarily, confound the interpretation of future studies, and increase the prevalence of bacterial resistance.
Prophylactic use of antibiotics in surgery.
Holmberg DL.
"Sound and careful surgery is the sine qua non of wound management; antimicrobials are adjunctive." The key to successful use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery is careful selection of cases and medication. There are no final rule or formulas that will always give optimal results. Listed below are some guidelines that may assis the clinician in determining the need and form of antimicrobial use. 1. The operation must carry a significant risk of bacterial contamination. Refined-clean and clean procedures should not be given prophylactic antibiotics. 2. Bacterial cultures should be taken when possible, and the medication used for prophylaxis should be effective against the organisms expected to be encountered. 3. Narrow spectrum antibiotics should be used to conserve the body's normal flora. Broad spectrum antibiotics needed to combat resistant infections should not be used for prophylaxis. 4.
The antibiotic should be present in the wound in effective concentrations at the time of the incision and be maintained only as long as the risk of new bacterial contamination exists.
General principles of choice of antibiotics for antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery]
[Article in French]
Carlet J.
Service de Reanimation-Polyvalente, Hopital Saint-Joseph, Paris.
A large amount of knowledge has been obtained in the field of prophylactic antibiotics over the past few years. Only procedures with a reasonable risk (incidence or severity) ought to be covered.
Antibiotics must be present not only in plasma but also in the tissues during the surgical procedure. In most cases a very short prophylaxis, usually using a single bolus, is convenient. The best cost/benefit ratio has to be obtained. Several points remain unclear and require further investigations: what is the best dosage? What is the adequate timing for reinjections according to the duration of surgical procedure, and to the risk of postoperative infection using a "risk index"? Must we modulate the type of prophylaxis according to the duration of hospital stay before surgery? What is the value of selective decontamination of the digestive tract?
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis: tradition and change.
Gudiol F.
Division of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
The use of antibiotic surgical prophylaxis in the prevention of postoperative infection is now well accepted.
It is also agreed that prophylactic antibiotics are only effective if given before surgery. This allows time for the antibiotics to concentrate in the blood before being incorporated into fibrin clots at the wound site after surgery. Despite the widespread use of antibiotic surgical prophylaxis, the incidence of surgical site infection remains high. Poor adherence to guidelines, resulting from conflicts of interest between hospital departments, and the inappropriate use of antibiotics has been blamed. Cooperation and consensus between physicians, pharmacists and surgeons is required if antibiotic misuse is to be reduced. Locally developed antibiotic practice guidelines, designed, in part, by computer-assisted decision-making systems, offer the best way of monitoring and improving prophylactic antibiotic efficacy and compliance.
Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis: the importance of timing.
Bryant J, Pfaff S.
1. Although prophylactic antibiotics have demonstrated efficacy in surgical procedures, they can fail because, generally, an inappropriate agent is used or the agent is inappropriately administered. 2. The timing of administration is important. Studies indicate that to reduce the risk of infection,
high levels of antibiotic must be present in the bloodstream and tissues at the time of the incision. 3. Nurses play a central role in ensuring the proper timing of the administration of prophylactic antibiotics. Improvement in the timing of administration will reduce both morbidity and institutional costs.
Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery.
Naessens A, Lauwers S.
Prospective double blind studies have demonstrated that brief courses of antibiotics active against major contaminating bacterial pathogens are effective in certain surgical interventions
if these agents are given prior to surgery. Administration of antibiotics for long periods after surgery has no beneficial effect on the postoperative infection rate. In addition it may increase the risk of adverse effects and results in widespread emergence of resistant organisms. Until now brief courses of antimicrobial agents have not resulted in an increasing number of resistant bacteria, however surveillance must be continued (Acta anaesth. belg., 1983, 34, 163-171).