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kotkins pisze:Tym razem Ania złapała mocz do badania.
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PcimOlki pisze:Kamicy nie można zdiagnozować badaniem moczu.
Anja pisze:PcimOlki pisze:Kamicy nie można zdiagnozować badaniem moczu.
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[i]U każdego pacjenta, u którego obserwuje się objawy charakterystyczne dla kamicy nerkowej należy przeprowadzić odpowiednie testy. Badaniom należy poddać mocz, krew oraz prześwietlić okolice nerek.....
Crystalluria may be found in animals without urolithiasis and may be absent in animals with urolithiasis.
The crystals present in the urine sediment may differ from the composition of the uroliths.
CANINE AND FELINE NEPHROLOGY AND UROLOGY, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-7216-8178-8 (page 287)
An educated guess (“guesstimate”) about a urolith’s composition can be made based on signalment, diet, urine culture results, urine pH, and radiographic density of the urolith, but such “guesstimates” can be inaccurate (especially considering the two most common urolith types are both radiodense).
CANINE AND FELINE NEPHROLOGY AND UROLOGY, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-7216-81 (page 288)
Ureteral Calculi
1. Ureteral calculi are uncommon in dogs but have become much more commonly diagnosed in cats in the past 10 years.
2. May have no clinical signs.
3. Flank pain associated with acute ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis is most likely to be observed in dogs.
4. In most cats with ureteral calculi, signs are nonspecific and include anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, and weight loss.
5. Ureteral calculi are identified by radiographs or ultrasound in 90% of affected cats.
6. Ureteral obstruction is identified in 92% of cats with ureteral calculi.
7. Most cats with ureteral calculi are azotemic even when calculi are unilateral, indicating presence of renal disease in the contralateral kidney. This suspicion is confirmed by ultrasound examination.
8. On quantitative analysis, 98% of ureteral calculi removed from affected cats were calcium oxalate stones.
9. Only 8% of affected cats had positive urine cultures.
10. Ureteroliths in dogs may be struvite.
CANINE AND FELINE NEPHROLOGY AND UROLOGY, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-7216-8178-8
Copyright © 2011, 1986 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Remember that adequate water intake may be the single most important factor in determining whether or not recurrent urolithiasis develops.
Cystine crystals are not found in normal urine samples, but the presence of struvite, oxalate, or urate crystals is not necessarily pathologic.
A. Radiodensity
1. Calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, struvite, and silicate calculi are the most radiodense.
2. Cystine and urate calculi are the least radiodense.
3. In many instances, calculi will be dense enough to be observed on plain radiographs after proper patient preparation (e.g., enemas to remove fecal material). Calculi as small as 3 to 4 mm can be observed radiographically if they are sufficiently radiodense.
4. If there is a clinical suspicion of urolithiasis but calculi cannot be observed on plain radiographs,positive or double-contrast radiographic studies should be performed. Calculi usually will appear lucent when surrounded by the denser contrast agent.
B. Although calculi occur more commonly in the bladder and urethra of the dog and cat, a radiographic evaluation of the entire urinary tract is recommended to rule out renal or ureteral calculi.
C. Care should be taken not to confuse blood clots and bubbles of air for lucent calculi on contrast studies of the bladder and urethra.
D. Objects that may cause confusion during radiographic interpretation:
1. Teats in female dogs.
2. Radiodense material in the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Calcified mesenteric lymph nodes or adrenal glands.
E. Ultrasound examination of the urinary tract may identify uroliths that are not radiodense. Ultrasonography provides evaluation of only the most proximal portion of the urethra, and thus should not be used in place of plain and contrast radiography of the urethra. In general, ultrasound examination is more sensitive and less specific than radiography for identification of uroliths.
F. Ultrasonography of the ureter and kidneys is useful to determine the presence or absence of urinary tract obstruction in patients with uroliths. Obstruction can be identified when hydroureter, hydronephrosis, or pyelectasia is observed. In cats, administration of furosemide (1-3 mg/kg IV) will increase urine flow and can facilitate visualization of a dilated renal pelvis or ureters.
CANINE AND FELINE NEPHROLOGY AND UROLOGY, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-7216-8178-8
Copyright © 2011, 1986 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8. On quantitative analysis, 98% of ureteral calculi removed from affected cats were calcium oxalate stones.
COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS
• Stone analysis is optional. False, since the basis for medical dissolution or prevention of recurrence of stones depends on knowing their chemical composition. Though “guesstimates” can frequently line up with the chemical analysis quantitative analysis remains the gold standard.
• Qualitative stone analysis provides all of the necessary information for proper patient management. False, as there are both false positives and negatives as to the presence of certain chemicals in the stone and no idea of their relative presence is provided.
• All different types of uroliths can be dissolved medically using the appropriate regimen. Struvite is the most amenable to dissolution. Some urates and cystine stones can be dissolved using medical protocols. A protocol has not been designed that effectively dissolves calcium oxalates.
• Medical and dietary protocols can be designed to prevent the recurrent of urolithiasis in all affected animals. Protocols have been designed to prevent the recurrence of metabolic stones though shockingly little has actually been proven to be effective in doing so.
• The presence of crystalluria indicates that uroliths already are present or they are inevitable. Absolutely not true. Many normal animals have crystalluria and will never develop a stone. Crystalluria can be a normal physiological phenomenon especially when the urine sample is stored under refrigeration (the crystals may not have been there at the time the sample was collected).
• The absence of crystalluria insures that no uroliths are present in the urinary tract. Not true. Many animals with confirmed urinary stones have no crystals at the time the sample was collected (they may be all in the stone).
• When a urolith is present in the urinary tract, its chemical composition is always reflected in the type of crystals observed in the urine sediment. Not true – a surprising number of animals with confirmed stone type have a different type of crystal or none at all reported in their urinalysis.
• Radiography after surgery or urohydropulsion to remove cystic or urethral calculi is not routinely necessary. Not true. A surprising number of cystic calculi are left behind after cystotomy for their removal. It is in your best interest and that of the patient to guarantee that all stones were removed at the time of surgery by taking radiographs immediately post-operatively. If only one or two largestones were initially present, radiographs are not necessary.
Urolithiasis - CHAPTER 9 302
CANINE AND FELINE NEPHROLOGY AND UROLOGY, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-7216-8178-8
Copyright © 2011, 1986 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
kotkins pisze:Anja dzięki za pierwszego posta!!
Franek jest otyły i się zakłacza: już wiemy co robić!
Dziewczyny Wasza wiedza mi imponuje naprawdę...jestem lekarzem, nie urologiem ale i tak moja wiedza n/t kamicy jest znacznie mniejsza.
Tym niemniej merytorycznie to my wiemy...prosimy o PRAKTYCZNIE!
....
Blue pisze:
Skoro u kocurka poprawa nastąpiła po leku przeczyszczającym a objawy zbiegły się z zaprzestaniem oddawania kału - może faktycznie coś jest na rzeczy?
kotkins pisze:
Tym razem Ania złapała mocz do badania.
Wyniki ok.
Blue pisze:
Pomijając fakt że w opisywanym przypadku to ja nijak nie widzę wskazań do wyszycia.
Użytkownicy przeglądający ten dział: Majestic-12 [Bot], puszatek, Szymkowa i 41 gości